... (k s /k = 0.17, 0.67, and 1.95) were selected to cover a wide range of surface roughness characteristics. Three blowing ratios were examined (M = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5). The weakly roughened surfaces (k s /k = 0.17) showed improved cooling effectiveness as k/D increased. Meanwhile, the moderately...

.... The effects of geometry parameters including porosity, surface outlet area ratio, and internal solid–fluid interface area ratio were investigated as well. The results showed that the transpiration cooling structures generally had higher cooling effectiveness than film cooling structure. The overall average...