Three kinds of S- and P-free borate esters containing N with different alkyl chain lengths were prepared by using boric acid, ethanolamine, and alkyl-alcohol as the starting materials. The chemical structure of the products was analyzed by means of Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry, elemental analysis, and so on. The thermal stability of the products was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The tribological properties of the synthesized borate esters as lubricating oil additives in liquid paraffin were evaluated using a four-ball friction and wear tester while the morphologies of the worn scars of the steel balls were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The chemical components on the worn surfaces of the steel balls were analyzed using an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that all the three kinds of synthetic borate esters as additives in liquid paraffin possess good antiwear performance and may be used as promising S- and P-free environmentally acceptable lubricating oil additives. Particularly, borate ester with short alkyl chain length at a low concentration in liquid paraffin was more effective in reducing wear, and the antiwear ability of the additives decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. The antiwear ability of the N-containing borate esters as additives in liquid paraffin might be closely related to the formation of hydrogen bonds via N with a high electronegativity and small atomic radius and the easy permeation of electron-deficient B on the rubbing steel surfaces.
Issue Section:
Lubricants
Keywords:
chemical structure,
Fourier transform spectra,
friction,
hydrogen bonds,
infrared spectra,
lubricating oils,
lubrication,
materials preparation,
organic compounds,
scanning electron microscopy,
steel,
surface morphology,
thermal analysis,
thermal stability,
wear,
wear resistance,
wear testing,
X-ray photoelectron spectra,
borate ester,
synthesis,
lubricating additive,
tribological properties
1.
Spikes
, H.
, 2008, “Low- and Zero-Sulphated Ash, Phosphorus and Sulphur Anti-Wear Additives for Engine Oils
,” Lubr. Sci.
0954-0075, 20
(2
), pp. 103
–136
.2.
He
, Z.
, Rao
, W.
, Ren
, T.
, Liu
, W.
, and Xue
, Q.
, 2002, “The Tribochemical Study of Some N-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds as Lubricating Oil Additives
,” Tribol. Lett.
1023-8883, 13
(2
), pp. 87
–93
.3.
Martin
, J. M.
, and Ohmae
, N.
, 2008, Nanolubricants
, Wiley
, England
.4.
Li
, B.
, Wang
, X.
, Liu
, W.
, and Xue
, Q.
, 2006, “Tribochemistry and Antiwear Mechanism of Organic–Inorganic Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives
,” Tribol. Lett.
1023-8883, 22
(1
), pp. 79
–84
.5.
Wang
, L.
, Wang
, B.
, Wang
, X.
, and Liu
, W.
, 2007, “Tribological Investigation of CaF2 Nanocrystals as Grease Additives
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 40
(7
), pp. 1179
–1185
.6.
Bakunin
, V. N.
, Suslov
, A. Yu.
, Kuzmina
, G. N.
, and Parenago
, O. P.
, 2005, “Recent Achievements in the Synthesis and Application of Inorganic Nanoparticles as Lubricant Components
,” Lubr. Sci.
0954-0075, 17
(2
), pp. 127
–145
.7.
Xia
, Y.
, Liu
, W.
, and Xue
, Q.
, 2003, “Tribological Properties of P- and N-Containing Organic Compounds as Potential Extreme-Pressure and Antiwear Additives
,” Lubr. Sci.
0954-0075, 15
(2
), pp. 173
–183
.8.
Ren
, T.
, Liu
, W.
, Xue
, Q.
, and Wang
, H.
, 1993, “The Effect of Molecular Structure of N-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds on Their Wear Properties
,” Lubr. Sci.
0954-0075, 5
(3
), pp. 205
–212
.9.
Li
, J.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Ren
, T.
, Liu
, W.
, and Fu
, X.
, 2002, “Tribological Evaluation of S-(1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl) Methyl N, N-Dialkyldithiocarbamates as Additives in Rapeseed Oil
,” Wear
0043-1648, 253
(7–8
), pp. 720
–724
.10.
Yu
, B.
, Zhou
, F.
, Pang
, C.
, Wang
, B.
, Liang
, Y.
, and Liu
, W.
, 2008, “Tribological Evaluation of α, ω-Diimidazoliumalkylene Hexafluorophosphate Ionic Liquid and Benzotriazole as Additive
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 41
(8
), pp. 797
–801
.11.
Tianhui
R.
, Jian
, X.
, and Longzhen
, Z.
, 1999, “A Tribological Study of an S,P-Containing Benzotriazole Derivative as an Additive in Pentaerythritol Ester
,” Synth. Lubr.
0265-6582, 15
(4
), pp. 263
–269
.12.
Ren
, T.
, Xue
, Q.
, and Wang
, H.
, 1994, “The Tribological Study of S-(1H-Benzotriazol-1-yl) Methyl N,N-Dialkyldithiocarbamates as Additives in Synthetic Lubricants
,” Synth. Lubr.
0265-6582, 11
(3
), pp. 207
–214
.13.
Huang
, W.
, Dong
, J.
, Li
, F.
, and Chen
, B.
, 2000, “The Performance and Antiwear Mechanism of (2-Sulfurone-Benzothiazole)-3-Methyl Esters as Additives in Synthetic Lubricant
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 33
(8
), pp. 553
–557
.14.
Zhang
, J.
, Liu
, W.
, and Xue
, Q.
, 1999, “Tribological Properties of the Film Formed by 2-(n-Dodecyldithio)-Benzothiazole as Additive in Liquid Paraffin
,” Wear
0043-1648, 236
(1–2
), pp. 34
–38
.15.
Weijiu
, H.
, Junxiu
, D.
, Fenfang
, L.
, Guoxu
, C.
, and Boshui
, C.
, 2001, “A Tribological Study of (2-Sulphurone-Benzothiazole)-3-Methyl-Dibutyl Borate
,” Lubr. Sci.
0954-0075, 14
(1
), pp. 73
–81
.16.
He
, Z.
, Lu
, J.
, Zeng
, X.
, Shao
, H.
, Ren
, T.
, and Liu
, W.
, 2004, “Study of the Tribological Behaviors of S, P-Containing Triazine Derivatives as Additives in Rapeseed Oil
,” Wear
0043-1648, 257
(3–4
), pp. 389
–394
.17.
Zhan
, W.
, Song
, Y.
, Ren
, T.
, and Liu
, W.
, 2004, “The Tribological Behaviour of Some Triazine–Dithiocarbamate Derivatives as Additives in Vegetable Oil
,” Wear
0043-1648, 256
(3–4
), pp. 268
–274
.18.
Zeng
, X.
, Li
, J.
, Wu
, X.
, Ren
, T.
, and Liu
, W.
, 2007, “The Tribological Behaviors of Hydroxyl-Containing Dithiocarbamate-Triazine Derivatives as Additives in Rapeseed Oil
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 40
(3
), pp. 560
–566
.19.
Zeng
, X.
, Wu
, H.
, Yi
, H.
, and Ren
, T.
, 2007, “Tribological Behavior of Three Novel Triazine Derivatives as Additives in Rapeseed Oil
,” Wear
0043-1648, 262
(5–6
), pp. 718
–726
.20.
He
, Z.
, Song
, Y.
, Shao
, H.
, Zhan
, W.
, and Ren
, T.
, 2005, “A Study of the Synergistic Effect of a Triazine-Dithiocarbamate Derivative With TCP in Vegetable Oil
,” Synth. Lubr.
0265-6582, 21
(4
), pp. 287
–297
.21.
Zeng
, X.
, Wang
, Y.
, Wu
, X.
, Ren
, T.
, and He
, Z.
, 2006, “Alkyloxy-S-Triazine Derivatives With and Without Fluorine-Containing Substituents as Lubricants for Steel-Steel Contact
,” Synth. Lubr.
0265-6582, 23
(1
), pp. 1
–10
.22.
Xue
, Q.
, Zhang
, J.
, Liu
, W.
, and Yang
, S.
, 1999, “The Friction and Wear Behavior of 2-(n-Alkyldithio)-Benzimidazole as Additives in Liquid Paraffin
,” Tribol. Lett.
1023-8883, 7
(1
), pp. 27
–30
.23.
Wu
, H.
, Ren
, T.
, and Zuo
, G.
, 2009, “The Tribological Chemistry of the Oil Blends of Zinc Dialkyldithiophosphate With 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Derivatives
,” Tribol. Lett.
1023-8883, 35
(3
), pp. 171
–179
.24.
Zhu
, F.
, Fan
, W.
, Wang
, A.
, and Zhu
, Y.
, 2009, “Tribological Study of Novel S–N Style 1, 3, 4-Thiadiazole-2-Thione Derivatives in Rapeseed Oil
,” Wear
0043-1648, 266
(1–2
), pp. 233
–238
.25.
Choudhary
, R. B.
, and Pande
, P. P.
, 2002, “Lubrication Potential of Boron Compounds: An Overview
,” Lubr. Sci.
0954-0075, 14
(2
), pp. 211
–222
.26.
Sun
, Y.
, Hu
, L.
, and Xue
, Q.
, 2009, “Tribological Properties and Action Mechanism of N, N-Dialkyl Dithiocarbamate-Derived S-Hydroxyethyl Borate Esters as Additives in Rapeseed Oil
,” Wear
0043-1648, 266
(9–10
), pp. 917
–924
.27.
Gong
, Q.
, Yu
, L.
, and Ye
, C.
, 2002, “The Tribological Behavior and Mechanism of Action of Sulphur-Containing Borate Esters in Rape Seed Oil
,” Synth. Lubr.
0265-6582, 19
(1
), pp. 19
–30
.28.
Tan
, X.
, Liu
, J.
, and Guo
, Y.
, 2005, “Synthesis and Performance of Nitrogen-Containing Borate as Lubricant Additive
,” Applied Science and Technology
, 32
(2
), pp. 59
–61
(in Chinese).29.
Zheng
, Z.
, Shen
, G.
, Wan
, Y.
, Cao
, L.
, Xu
, X.
, Yue
, Q.
, and Sun
, T.
, 1998, “Synthesis, Hydrolytic Stability and Tribological Properties of Novel Borate Esters Containing Nitrogen as Lubricant Additives
,” Wear
0043-1648, 222
(2
), pp. 135
–144
.30.
Qiu
, S.
, Zhou
, Z.
, Dong
, J.
, and Chen
, G.
, 2001, “Preparation of Ni Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Tribological Performance as Potential Additives in Oils
,” ASME J. Tribol.
0742-4787, 123
(3
), pp. 441
–443
.31.
Li
, J.
, Feng
, Y.
, and Ren
, T.
, 2004, “The Tribological Study of Organic Borate Esters as Additives in Rapeseed Oil
,” Lubricating Oil
, 19
(2
), pp. 32
–34
.32.
Fan
, K.
, Li
, J.
, Ma
, H.
, Wu
, H.
, Ren
, T.
, Kasrai
, M.
, and Bancroft
, G. M.
, 2008, “Tribological Characteristics of Ashless Dithiocarbamate Derivatives and Their Combinations With ZDDP as Additives in Mineral Oil
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 41
(12
), pp. 1226
–1231
.33.
Jia
, Z.
, Xia
, Y.
, Li
, J.
, Pang
, X.
, and Shao
, X.
, 2010, “Friction and Wear Behavior of Diamond-Like Carbon Coating on Plasma Nitrided Mild Steel Under Boundary Lubrication
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 43
(1–2
), pp. 474
–482
.34.
Jiang
, S.
, Wei
, Y. L.
, Cheng
, X. Y.
, and Chen
, B. S.
, 2004, “Tribological Properties and Tribochemical Mechanism of Lanthanum and Boron Compounds in Oil
,” Lubr. Sci.
0954-0075, 17
(1
), pp. 63
–73
.35.
Hua
, F. J.
, Bo-Shui
, C.
, Lin
, D.
, Jiu
, W.
, and Wei-Jiu
, H.
, 2004, “The Synthesis and Tribological Behaviour of Boron-Nitrogen-Modified Fatty Acid Water-Based Lubricant Additives
,” Synth. Lubr.
0265-6582, 21
(2
), pp. 129
–137
.36.
Liang
, P.
, Wu
, H.
, Zuo
, G.
, and Ren
, T.
, 2009, “Tribological Performances of Heterocyclic-Containing Ether and/or Thioether as Additives in the Synthetic Diester
,” Lubr. Sci.
0954-0075, 21
(3
), pp. 111
–121
.37.
Zhang
, H. -S.
, and Komvopoulos
, K.
, 2009, “Synthesis of Ultrathin Carbon Films by Direct Current Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc
,” J. Appl. Phys.
0021-8979, 105
(8
), p. 083305
.38.
Fang
, J.
, Xia
, Y.
, Lin
, Y.
, and Liu
, W.
, 2009, “Tribological Behavior of Plasma Nitrided 1Cr18Ni9Ti Austenitic Stainless Steel Under the Effect of Lubricant Additives
,” ASME J. Tribol.
0742-4787, 131
(3
), p. 031603
.Copyright © 2011
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
