Abstract

The key to accurately predict welding residual stress is to explore the solid-phase transition law of SA508-3 steel and establish the phase transition model under continuous cooling conditions. The effects of cooling rate on phase transformation and strain response of SA508-3 steel were investigated in this paper. The established programs accurately predict the evolution of microstructure at different cooling rates, the relationship between the bainite volume fraction and temperature is fitted by a modified bainite transformation model and is validated by optical microscopy and dilatometric test. The strain evolution of SA508-3 steel is predicted at different cooling rates and is verified by the dilatometric test. In addition, the effects of bainite transformation and martensite transformation on the strain response of SA508-3 steel are intensively discussed. This work casts light on the simulation of metallurgical effects at different cooling region during welding.

References

1.
Li
,
Y. L.
,
Zhang
,
H. Q.
,
Peng
,
B. C.
, and
Li
,
J. F.
,
2010
, “
Development and Recent Research of Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels
,”
Pressure Vessel Technol.
,
27
, pp.
36
43
.
2.
Zhang
,
W.
,
Li
,
M. L.
,
Guo
,
D.
,
Jiao
,
D.
, and
Zhang
,
Y.
,
2014
, “
Study on Progress of SA508-3 Steel for Nuclear Power
,”
Hot Work. Technol.
,
43
, pp.
10
13
.
3.
Feng
,
J. C.
,
Rathod
,
D. W.
,
Roy
,
M. J.
,
Francis
,
J. A.
,
Guo
,
W.
,
Irvine
,
N. M.
,
Vasileiou
,
A. N.
,
Sun
,
Y. L.
,
Smith
,
M. C.
, and
Li
,
L.
,
2017
, “
An Evaluation of Multipass Narrow Gap Laser Welding as a Candidate Process for the Manufacture of Nuclear Pressure Vessels
,”
Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping
,
157
, pp.
43
50
.10.1016/j.ijpvp.2017.08.004
4.
Mark
,
A. F.
,
Francis
,
J. A.
,
Dai
,
H.
,
Turski
,
M.
,
Hurrell
,
P. R.
,
Bate
,
S. K.
,
Kornmeier
,
J. R.
, and
Withers
,
P. J.
,
2012
, “
On the Evolution of Local Material Properties and Residual Stress in a Three-Pass SA508 Steel Weld
,”
Acta Mater.
,
60
(
8
), pp.
3268
3278
.10.1016/j.actamat.2012.03.022
5.
Dai
,
H.
,
Francis
,
J. A.
, and
Withers
,
P. J.
,
2010
, “
Prediction of Residual Stress Distributions for Single Weld Beads Deposited on to SA508 Steel Including Phase Transformation Effects
,”
Met. Sci. J.
,
26
(
8
), pp.
940
949
.10.1179/026708309X12459430509454
6.
Hamelin
,
C. J.
,
Muránsky
,
O.
,
Smith
,
M. C.
,
Thomas
,
M. H.
,
Vladimir
,
L.
,
Bendeich
,
P. J.
, and
Edwards
,
L.
,
2014
, “
Validation of a Numerical Model Used to Predict Phase Distribution and Residual Stress in Ferritic Steel Weldments
,”
Acta Mater.
,
75
, pp.
1
19
.10.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.045
7.
Xu
,
J. J.
,
Chen
,
J. Y.
,
Duan
,
Y.
,
Yu
,
C.
,
Chen
,
J. M.
, and
Lu
,
H.
,
2017
, “
Comparison of Residual Stress Induced by TIG and LBW in Girth Weld of AISI 304 Stainless Steel Pipes
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
,
248
, pp.
178
184
.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.05.014
8.
Muránsky
,
O.
,
Hamelin
,
C. J.
,
Smith
,
M. C.
,
Bendeich
,
P. J.
, and
Edwards
,
L.
,
2012
, “
The Effect of Plasticity Theory on Predicted Residual Stress Fields in Numerical Weld Analyses
,”
Comput. Mater. Sci.
,
54
, pp.
125
134
.10.1016/j.commatsci.2011.10.026
9.
Jiang
,
W.
,
Liu
,
Z.
,
Gong
,
J. M.
, and
Tu
,
S. T.
,
2010
, “
Numerical Simulation to Study the Effect of Repair Width on Residual Stresses of a Stainless Steel Clad Plate
,”
Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping
,
87
(
8
), pp.
457
463
.10.1016/j.ijpvp.2010.06.003
10.
Jiang
,
W.
,
Woo
,
W.
,
An
,
G. B.
, and
Park
,
J. U.
,
2013
, “
Neutron Diffraction and Finite Element Modeling to Study the Weld Residual Stress Relaxation Induced by Cutting
,”
Mater. Des.
,
51
, pp.
415
420
.10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.053
11.
Xu
,
J. J.
,
Gilles
,
P.
,
Duan
,
Y. G.
, and
Yu
,
C.
,
2012
, “
Temperature and Residual Stress Simulations of the NeT Single-Bead-on-Plate Specimen Using Sysweld
,”
Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping
,
99–100
, pp.
51
60
.10.1016/j.ijpvp.2012.08.002
12.
Guo
,
W.
,
Dong
,
S.
,
Guo
,
W.
,
Francis
,
J. A.
, and
Li
,
L.
,
2015
, “
Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics of a Laser Welded Joint in SA508 Nuclear Pressure Vessel Steel
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
,
625
, pp.
65
80
.10.1016/j.msea.2014.11.056
13.
Chi
,
L. X.
,
MA
,
Y. L.
,
Xing
,
S. Q.
,
Zhao
,
Y. T.
,
Chen
,
F. R.
, and
Chen
,
Z. Y.
,
2010
, “
Microstructure of SA508-3 Steel for Nuclear Power Under Different Cooling Rates
,”
J. Inner Mongolia Univ. Sci. Technol.
,
29
(
2
), pp.
127
131
.http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-BTGX201002009.htm
14.
Mandal
,
G.
,
Ghosh
,
S. K.
, and
Mukherjee
,
S.
,
2016
, “
Phase Transformation and Mechanical Behaviour of Thermo-Mechanically Controlled Processed High-Strength Multiphase Steel
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
,
51
(
14
), pp.
6569
6582
.10.1007/s10853-016-9852-4
15.
Koistinen
,
D. P.
, and
Marburger
,
R. E.
,
1959
, “
A General Equation Prescribing the Extent of the Austenite-Martensite Transformation in Pure Iron-Carbon Alloys and Plain Carbon Steels
,”
Acta Metall.
,
7
(
1
), pp.
59
60
.10.1016/0001-6160(59)90170-1
16.
Tao
,
B.
,
Deng
,
D.
,
Liu
,
X.
, and
Tong
,
Y.
,
2015
, “
Investigation of Influence of Solid-State Phase Transformation on Welding Residual Stress in P91 Steel Joint
,”
Trans. China Weld. Inst.
,
36
(
9
), pp.
55
59
.http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HJXB201509014.htm
17.
Deng
,
D.
,
Zhang
,
Y. B.
,
Li
,
S.
, and
Tong
,
Y. G.
,
2016
, “
Influence of Solid-State Phase Transformation on Residual Stress in P92 Steel Welded Joint
,”
Acta Metall.
,
52
(
4
), pp.
394
402
.http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-JSXB201604002.htm
18.
Deng
,
D.
,
Tong
,
Y. G.
,
Ma
,
N. S.
, and
Murakawa
,
H.
,
2013
, “
Prediction of the Residual Welding Stress in 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel by Taking Into Account the Effect of the Solid-State Phase Transformations
,”
Acta Metall. Sin.
,
26
(
3
), pp.
333
339
.10.1007/s40195-012-0163-8
19.
Deng
,
D.
, and
Murakawa
,
H.
,
2006
, “
Prediction of Welding Residual Stress in Multi-Pass Butt-Welded Modified 9Cr–1Mo Steel Pipe Considering Phase Transformation Effects
,”
Comput. Mater. Sci.
,
37
(
3
), pp.
209
219
.10.1016/j.commatsci.2005.06.010
20.
Wang
,
Q.
,
Liu
,
X. S.
,
Wang
,
P.
,
Xiong
,
X.
, and
Fang
,
H. Y.
,
2017
, “
Numerical Simulation of Residual Stress in 10Ni5CrMoV Steel Weldments
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
,
240
, pp.
77
86
.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2016.09.011
21.
Jiang
,
W.
,
Chen
,
W.
,
Woo
,
W.
,
Tu
,
S. T.
,
Zhang
,
X. C.
, and
Vyacheslav
,
E.
,
2018
, “
Effects of Low-Temperature Transformation and Transformation-Induced Plasticity on Weld Residual Stresses: Numerical Study and Neutron Diffraction Measurement
,”
Mater. Des.
,
147
, pp.
65
79
.10.1016/j.matdes.2018.03.032
22.
Kolmogorov
,
A. N.
, and
Tikhomirov
,
V. M.
,
1991
, “Selected Works of A. N. Kolmogorov: V. 1 Mathematics and Mechanics,” Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
23.
Martin
,
D.
,
2010
, “
Application of Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami Equations to Non-Isothermal Conditions
,”
Comput. Mater. Sci.
,
47
(
3
), pp.
796
800
.10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.11.005
24.
Marder
,
A. R.
, and
Goldstein
,
J.
,
1983
,
Phase Transformations in Ferrous Alloys
, Metallurgical Society of AIME, Englewood, CO.
25.
Nie
,
Z.
,
Wang
,
G.
,
Yu
,
J.
,
Liu
,
D.
, and
Rong
,
Y.
,
2016
, “
Phase-Based Constitutive Modeling and Experimental Study for Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of Martensitic Stainless Steel Under High Strain Rate in a Thermal Cycle
,”
Mech. Mater.
,
101
, pp.
160
169
.10.1016/j.mechmat.2016.08.003
26.
Chen
,
W.
,
Xu
,
L.
,
Zhao
,
L.
,
Han
,
Y.
,
Jing
,
H.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
, and
Li
,
Y.
,
2020
, “
Thermo-Mechanical-Metallurgical Modeling and Validation for Ferritic Steel Weldments
,”
J. Const. Steel Res.
,
166
, p.
105948
.10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.105948
27.
Venugopalan
,
D.
, and
Kirkaldy
,
J. S.
,
1982
, “
Prediction of Configurational Parameters in Cellular Solidification of Succinonitrile-Salol
,”
Scr. Metall.
,
16
(
10
), pp.
1183
1187
.10.1016/0036-9748(82)90093-X
28.
Li
,
M. V.
,
Niebuhr
,
D. V.
,
Meekisho
,
L. L.
, and
Atteridge
,
D. G.
,
1998
, “
A Computational Model for the Prediction of Steel Hardenability
,”
Metall. Mater. Trans. B
,
29
(
3
), pp.
661
672
.10.1007/s11663-998-0101-3
29.
Trzaska
,
J.
,
2015
, “
Empirical Formulae for the Calculation of Austenite Supercooled Transformation Temperatures
,”
Arch. Metall. Mater.
,
60
(
1
), pp.
181
185
.10.1515/amm-2015-0029
30.
Pous-Romero
,
H.
,
Lonardelli
,
I.
,
Cogswell
,
D.
, and
Bhadeshia
,
H.
,
2013
, “
Austenite Grain Growth in a Nuclear Pressure Vessel Steel
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process.
,
567
, pp.
72
79
.10.1016/j.msea.2013.01.005
31.
Zhang
,
K.
,
Ma
,
X. P.
,
Li
,
Y. L.
,
Wu
,
H. Y.
,
Cui
,
C. Y.
,
Zhang
,
X. M.
,
Zhang
,
H.
, and
Yao
,
J.
,
2018
, “
Parameter Prediction of Hydraulic Fracture for Tight Reservoir Based on Micro-Seismic and History Matching
,”
Fractals
,
26
(
2
), p.
1840009
.10.1142/S0218348X18400091
32.
Tomellini
,
M.
,
2015
, “
Generalized Additivity Rule for the Kolmogorov-Johnson-Mehl-Avr -Ami Kinetics
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
,
50
(
13
), pp.
4516
4525
.10.1007/s10853-015-9001-5
33.
Smith
,
M. C.
,
Bate
,
S.
, and
Bouchard
,
P. J.
,
2013
, “
Simple Benchmark Problems for Finite Element Weld Residual Stress Simulation
,”
ASME
Paper No. PVP2013-98033.10.1115/PVP2013-98033
34.
Jiang
,
W.
,
Luo
,
Y.
,
Wang
,
B. Y.
,
Tu
,
S. T.
, and
Gong
,
J. M.
,
2014
, “
Residual Stress Reduction in the Penetration Nozzle Weld Joint by Overlay Welding
,”
Mater. Des.
,
60
, pp.
443
450
.10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.032
35.
Chen
,
X.
,
Fang
,
Y.
,
Li
,
P.
,
Yu
,
Z. Z.
,
Wu
,
X. D.
, and
Li
,
D. S.
,
2015
, “
Microstructure, Residual Stress and Mechanical Properties of a High Strength Steel Weld Using Low Transformation Temperature Welding Wires
,”
Mater. Des.
,
65
, pp.
1214
1221
.10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.013
36.
Hong
,
S.
,
Min
,
K.-D.
,
Hyun
,
S.-M.
,
Kim
,
J.
,
Lee
,
Y.-S.
,
Kim
,
H.-D.
, and
Kim
,
M.-C.
,
2021
, “
Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Properties of SA508 Gr.1A Steels for Main Steam Line Piping in Nuclear Power Plants
,”
Int. J. Pressure Vessels Piping
,
191
, p.
104359
.10.1016/j.ijpvp.2021.104359
37.
Wang
,
T.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
, and
Wang
,
P.
,
2017
, “
Effect of Cooling Rate on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of SA508-3 Steel
,”
J. Shenyang Ligong Univ.
,
36
(
5
), pp.
44
48
.
38.
Åkerström
,
P.
, and
Oldenburg
,
M.
,
2006
, “
Austenite Decomposition During Press Hardening of a Boron Steel—Computer Simulation and Test
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
,
174
(
1–3
), pp.
399
406
.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.02.013
39.
Bok
,
H. H.
,
Lee
,
M. G.
,
Pavlina
,
E. J.
,
Barlat
,
F.
, and
Kim
,
H. D.
,
2011
, “
Comparative Study of the Prediction of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties for a Hot-Stamped B-Pillar Reinforcing Part
,”
Int. J. Mech. Sci.
,
53
(
9
), pp.
744
752
.10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2011.06.006
You do not currently have access to this content.