Fig. 1 ( a ) Young's modulus and ( b ) loss factor of UD fiber-reinforced epoxy composites in the longitudinal direction (measured by DMA tests at 1 Hz and ambient temperature) More about this image found in ( a ) Young's modulus and ( b ) loss factor of UD fiber-reinforced epoxy co...

Fig. 2 Beam integrated with a layer of ACLD: ( a ) VECM layer and ( b ) pure VEM More about this image found in Beam integrated with a layer of ACLD: ( a ) VECM layer and ( b ) pure VEM

Fig. 3 Beam integrated with a layer of ACLD: ( a ) VECM layer and ( b ) pure VEM More about this image found in Beam integrated with a layer of ACLD: ( a ) VECM layer and ( b ) pure VEM

Fig. 4 Distribution of shear strain ( ε x z ) in ( a ) PCLD treatment and ( b ) ACLD treatment, extensional strain ( ε x ) in ( c ) PCLD treatment and ( d ) ACLD treatment, and ( e ) control voltage variation within the thickness of the PZT constraining layer (VENC with fl... More about this image found in Distribution of shear strain ( ε x z ) in ( a ) PCLD treatmen...

Fig. 5 Variation of performance indices for viscoelastic composite with hamp fiber and glass fiber: ( a ) total damping ( I d t ) , ( b ) extensional damping ( I d e ) , ( c ) shear damping ( I d s ) , and ( d ) active damping ( I d v ) More about this image found in Variation of performance indices for viscoelastic composite with hamp fiber...

Fig. 6 Variation of performance indices with number of fibers within the VENC with hamp fiber and glass fiber: ( a ) total damping ( I d t ) , ( b ) extensional damping ( I d e ) , ( c ) shear damping ( I d s ) , and ( d ) active damping ( I d v ) More about this image found in Variation of performance indices with number of fibers within the VENC with...

Fig. 7 Variation of performance indices with gap ( Δ l ) between the fibers within the VENC with hamp fiber and glass fiber: ( a ) total damping ( I d t ) , ( b ) extensional damping ( I d e ) , ( c ) shear damping ( I d s ) , and ( d ) active dampin... More about this image found in Variation of performance indices with gap ( Δ l ) between the fibe...

Fig. 8 Variation of performance indices with number of layers ( p ): ( a ) total damping ( I d t ) , ( b ) extensional damping ( I d e ) , ( c ) shear damping ( I d s ) , and ( d ) active damping ( I d v ) More about this image found in Variation of performance indices with number of layers ( p ): ( a ) total d...

Fig. 9 Variation of performance indices with VENC layer thickness ( t d ): ( a ) total damping ( I d t ) , ( b ) extensional damping ( I d e ) , ( c ) shear damping ( I d s ) , and ( d ) active damping ( I d v ) More about this image found in Variation of performance indices with VENC layer thickness ( t d ): ( a ) ...

Fig. 10 ( a ) Frequency responses of the entire smart beam and ( b ) corresponding variations of control voltage within the PZT active constraining layer ( L = 250 mm, Δ l v = 0.05 mm , t d = 3 mm, n = 8, n z = 1, k d = 100, P = 1000 N, t v = 0.3 mm, and ω 0 is t... More about this image found in ( a ) Frequency responses of the entire smart beam and ( b ) corresponding ...

Fig. 11 Frequency responses of the entire smart beam with VENC (hamp fiber) for different k d control gain values ( L = 250 mm, Δ l v = 0.05 mm , t d = 3 mm, n = 8, n z = 1, P = 1000 N, t v = 0.3 mm, and ω 0 is the fundamental frequency) More about this image found in Frequency responses of the entire smart beam with VENC (hamp fiber) for dif...

Fig. 12 Mode shape of the entire smart beam with VENC (hamp fiber) for first, second, third, and fourth modes ( L = 250 mm, Δ l v = 0.05 mm , t d = 3 mm, n = 8, n z = 1, P = 1000 N, t v = 0.3 mm, and ω 0 is the fundamental frequency) More about this image found in Mode shape of the entire smart beam with VENC (hamp fiber) for first, secon...

Fig. 13 ( a ) Frequency responses of the entire smart beam for first, second, and third modes and ( b ) corresponding variations of control voltage within the PZT constraining layer ( L = 250 mm, Δ l v = 0.05 mm , t d = 3 mm, n = 8, n z = 1, k d = 100, P = 1000 N, t v... More about this image found in ( a ) Frequency responses of the entire smart beam for first, second, and t...

Fig. 14 Samples for DMA record More about this image found in Samples for DMA record

Fig. 15 Effect of hybridization on storage modulus More about this image found in Effect of hybridization on storage modulus

Fig. 16 Effect of hybridization on loss modulus More about this image found in Effect of hybridization on loss modulus