... anti-freeze thermal management automotive electric vehicles The most widely used combination of container material and working fluid for a heat pipe is copper and water since it allows transporting high heat flux with small tube diameter over long distances. Water has favorable thermodynamic...

... within safe operating limits. Air cooling has received extensive attention in the area of battery thermal management. However, performance intensification of air-cooling modules is essential while keeping the simplicity of design to satisfy the weight and space constraints of electric vehicle (EV...