Abstract
Activated coke was prepared by mixing sewage sludge and waste poplar bark biomass from furniture manufacturing. The physical activation method of these feedstocks with steam for 1 h at 850 °C was implemented. The elemental composition, pore distribution, microstructure, and surface functional groups of the activated coke products were analyzed by proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, N2 adsorption, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The effects of different mixing ratios of sludge and biomass, preactivation carbonization temperature, and activation method on the activated coke were investigated. When the proportion of biomass was two-thirds of the total feedstock mass and the carbonization temperature was 300 °C, the produced activated coke had the highest specific surface area and the most extended micropore structure. Water vapor (steam) activation was found to be beneficial to the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups. This study established that steam is beneficial to pore expansion and promotes pore development. It was found that the carbonaceous feedstocks acquired initial porosity through carbonization in nitrogen, which proved to be instrumental in the ensuing activation process. After sequential carbonization and activation, the produced active coke acquired a higher specific surface area and microporosity, compared with the active coke produced by activation alone.
Issue Section:
Fuel Combustion
References
1.
Chen
, X.
, Jeyaseelan
, S.
, and Graham
, N.
, 2002
, “Physical and Chemical Properties Study of the Activated Carbon Made From Sewage Sludge
,” Waste Manage.
, 22
(7
), pp. 755
–760
. 2.
Chiang
, P. C.
, and You
, J. H.
, 1987
, “Use of Sewage Sludge for Manufacturing Adsorbents
,” Can. J. Chem. Eng.
, 65
(6
), pp. 922
–927
. 3.
Twardowska
, I.
, Schramm
, K. W.
, and Berg
, K.
, III, 2004
, “4 Sewage Sludge
,” Waste Manage. Ser.
, 4
(C
), pp. 239
–295
. 4.
Lewis
, D. L.
, and Gattie
, D. K.
, 2002
, “Pathogen Risks Applying Sewage Sludge to Land
,” Environ. Sci. Technol.
, 36
(13
), pp. 286
–293
. 5.
Hadi
, P.
, Xu
, M.
, Ning
, C.
, Sze Ki Lin
, C.
, and McKay
, G.
, 2015
, “A Critical Review on Preparation, Characterization and Utilization of Sludge-Derived Activated Carbons for Wastewater Treatment
,” Chem. Eng. J.
, 260
(15
), pp. 895
–906
. 6.
Xu
, G. R.
, Zou
, J. L.
, and Li
, G. B.
, 2010
, “Stabilization of Heavy Metals in Sudge Ceramsite
,” Water Res.
, 44
(9
), pp. 2930
–2938
. 7.
Ao
, W.
, Fu
, J.
, Mao
, X.
, Kang
, Q.
, Ran
, C.
, Liu
, Y.
, Zhang
, H.
, Gao
, Z.
, Li
, J.
, Liu
, G.
, and Dai
, J.
, 2018
, “Microwave Assisted Preparation of Activated Carbon From Biomass: A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 92
, pp. 958
–979
. 8.
Pietrzak
, R.
, and Bandosz
, T. J.
, 2007
, “Activated Carbons Modified With Sewage Sludge Derived Phase and Their Application in The Process of NO2 Removal
,” Carbon
, 45
(13
), pp. 2537
–2546
. 9.
Bansode
, R. R.
, Losso
, J. N.
, Marshall
, W. E.
, Rao
, R. M.
, and Portier
, R. J.
, 2003
, “Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compounds by Pecan Shell- and Almond Shell-Based Granular Activated Carbons
,” Bioresour. Technol.
, 90
(2
), pp. 175
–184
. 10.
Karatepe
, N.
, Orbak
, İ
, Yavuz
, R.
, and Özyuğuran
, A.
, 2008
, “Sulfur Dioxide Adsorption by Activated Carbons Having Different Textural and Chemical Properties
,” Fuel
, 87
(15–16
), pp. 3207
–3215
. 11.
Singh
, K. P.
, Malik
, A.
, Sinha
, S.
, and Ojha
, P.
, 2008
, “Liquid-Phase Adsorption of Phenols Using Activated Carbons Derived From Agricultural Waste Material
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
, 150
(3
), pp. 626
–641
. 12.
Mudoga
, H. L.
, Yucel
, H.
, and Kincal
, N. S.
, 2008
, “Decolorization of Sugar Syrups Using Commercial and Sugar Beet Pulp Based Activated Carbons
,” Bioresour. Technol.
, 99
(9
), pp. 3528
–3533
. 13.
Crini
, G.
, 2006
, “Non-Conventional Low-Cost Adsorbents for Dye Removal: A Review
,” Bioresour. Technol.
, 97
(9
), pp. 1061
–1085
. 14.
Hameed
, B. H.
, and Daud
, F. B. M.
, 2008
, “Adsorption Studies of Basic Dye on Activated Carbon Derived From Agricultural Waste: Hevea Brasiliensis Seed Coat
,” Chem. Eng. J.
, 139
(1
), pp. 48
–55
. 15.
Hameed
, B. H.
, Salman
, J. M.
, and Ahmad
, A. L.
, 2009
, “Adsorption Isotherm and Kinetic Modeling of 2,4-D Pesticide on Activated Carbon Derived From Date Stones
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
, 163
(1
), pp. 121
–126
. 16.
Wang
, X.
, Zhu
, N.
, and Yin
, B.
, 2008
, “Preparation of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon and Its Application in Dye Wastewater Treatment
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
, 153
(1–2
), pp. 22
–27
. 17.
Cui
, J.
, and Zhang
, L.
, 2008
, “Metallurgical Recovery of Metals From Electronic Waste: A Review
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
, 158
(2–3), pp. 228
–256
. 18.
Holtz
, R. D.
, Oliveira
, S. B. d.
, Fraga
, M. A.
, and Rangel
, M. d. C.
, 2008
, “Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Activated Carbon-Supported Vanadium and Magnesium Catalysts for Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation
,” Appl. Catal., A
, 350
(1
), pp. 79
–85
. 19.
Tsyntsarski
, B.
, Stoycheva
, I.
, Tsoncheva
, T.
, Genova
, I.
, Dimitrov
, M.
, Petrova
, B.
, Paneva
, D.
, Cherkezova-Zheleva
, Z.
, Budinova
, T.
, Kolev
, H.
, Gomis-Berenguer
, A.
, Ania
, C. O.
, Mitov
, I.
, and Petrov
, N.
, 2015
, “Activated Carbons From Waste Biomass and Low Rank Coals as Catalyst Supports for Hydrogen Production by Methanol Decomposition
,” Fuel Process. Technol.
, 137
, pp. 139
–147
. 20.
Santoro
, D.
, de Jong
, V.
, and Louw
, R.
, 2003
, “Hydrodehalogenation of Chlorobenzene on Activated Carbon and Activated Carbon Supported Catalysts
,” Chemosphere
, 50
(9
), pp. 1255
–1260
. 21.
Xu
, D.
, Yang
, L.
, Ding
, K.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Gao
, W.
, Huang
, Y.
, Sun
, H.
, Hu
, X.
, Syed-Hassan
, S. S. A.
, Zhang
, S.
, and Zhang
, H.
, 2020
, “Mini-Review on Char Catalysts for Tar Reforming During Biomass Gasification: The Importance of Char Structure
,” Energy Fuels
, 34
(2
), pp. 1219
–1229
. 22.
Tan
, X. F.
, Liu
, S. B.
, Liu
, Y. G.
, Gu
, Y. L.
, Zeng
, G. M.
, Hu
, X. J.
, Wang
, X.
, Liu
, S. H.
, and Jiang
, L. H.
, 2017
, “Biochar as Potential Sustainable Precursors for Activated Carbon Production: Multiple Applications in Environmental Protection and Energy Storage
,” Bioresour. Technol.
, 227
, pp. 359
–372
. 23.
Kim
, Y. I.
, and Bae
, B. U.
, 2007
, “Design and Evaluation of Hydraulic Baffled-Channel PAC Contactor for Taste and Odor Removal From Drinking Water Supplies
,” Water Res.
, 41
(10
), pp. 2256
–2264
. 24.
Yuen
, F. K.
, and Hameed
, B. H.
, 2009
, “Recent Developments in the Preparation and Regeneration of Activated Carbons by Microwaves
,” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.
, 149
(1–2
), pp. 19
–27
. 25.
Karimnezhad
, L.
, Haghighi
, M.
, and Fatehifar
, E.
, 2014
, “Adsorption of Benzene and Toluene From Waste Gas Using Activated Carbon Activated by ZnCl2
,” Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.
, 8
(6
), pp. 835
–844
. 26.
Martin
, M. J.
, Artola
, A.
, Balaguer
, M. D.
, and Rigola
, M.
, 2003
, “Activated Carbons Developed From Surplus Sewage Sludge for the Removal of Dyes From Dilute Aqueous Solutions
,” Chem. Eng. J.
, 94
(3
), pp. 231
–239
. 27.
Okada
, K.
, Yamamoto
, N.
, Kameshima
, Y.
, and Yasumori
, A.
, 2003
, “Porous Properties of Activated Carbons From Waste Newspaper Prepared by Chemical and Physical Activation
,” J. Colloid Interface Sci.
, 262
(1
), pp. 179
–193
. 28.
Madhavarao
, M.
, Ramesh
, A.
, Purnachandrarao
, G.
, and Seshaiah
, K.
, 2006
, “Removal of Copper and Cadmium From the Aqueous Solutions by Activated Carbon Derived From Ceiba Pentandra Hulls
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
, 129
(1–3
), pp. 123
–129
. 29.
Kim
, J.
, 2001
, “Production of Granular Activated Carbon From Waste Walnut Shell and Its Adsorption Characteristics for Cu2+ Ion
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
, 85
(3
), pp. 301
–315
. 30.
Ahmadpour
, A.
, and Do
, D. D.
, 1996
, “The Preparation of Active Carbons From Coal by Chemical and Physical Activation
,” Carbon
, 34
(4
), pp. 471
–479
. 31.
Rio
, S.
, Le Coq
, L.
, Faur
, C.
, and Le Cloirec
, P.
, 2006
, “Production of Porous Carbonaceous Adsorbent From Physical Activation of Sewage Sludge: Application to Wastewater Treatment
,” Water Sci. Technol.
, 53
(3
), pp. 237
–244
. 32.
Fullana
, A.
, Conesa
, J. A.
, Font
, R.
, and Martı´n-Gullón
, I.
, 2003
, “Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge: Nitrogenated Compounds and Pretreatment Effects
,” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis
, 68
, pp. 561
–575
. 33.
Zhai
, Y.
, Peng
, W.
, Zeng
, G.
, Fu
, Z.
, Lan
, Y.
, Chen
, H.
, Wang
, C.
, and Fan
, X.
, 2012
, “Pyrolysis Characteristics and Kinetics of Sewage Sludge for Different Sizes and Heating Rates
,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.
, 107
(3
), pp. 1015
–1022
. 34.
Zhai
, Y.
, Pang
, D.
, Chen
, H.
, Xiang
, B.
, Chen
, J.
, Li
, C.
, Zeng
, G.
, and Qiu
, L.
, 2013
, “Effects of Ammonization on the Surface Physico-Chemical Properties of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon
,” Appl. Surf. Sci.
, 280
, pp. 590
–597
. 35.
Rokni
, E.
, Ren
, X.
, Panahi
, A.
, and Levendis
, Y. A.
, 2018
, “Emissions of SO2, NOx, CO2, and HCl From Co-Firing of Coals With Raw and Torrefied Biomass Fuels
,” Fuel
, 211
, pp. 363
–374
. 36.
Davies
, A.
, Soheilian
, R.
, Zhuo
, C.
, and Levendis
, Y. A.
, 2014
, “Pyrolytic Conversion of Biomass Residues to Gaseous Fuels for Electricity Generation
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 136
(2
), p. 021101
. 37.
Rokni
, E.
, Liu
, Y.
, Ren
, X.
, and Levendis
, Y. A.
, 2019
, “Nitrogen-Bearing Emissions From Burning Corn Straw in a Fixed-Bed Reactor: Effects of Fuel Moisture, Torrefaction, and Air Flowrate
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 141
(8
), p. 082202
. 38.
Rokni
, E.
, and Levendis
, Y. A.
, 2016
, “Utilization of a High-Alkali Lignite Coal Ash for SO2 Capture in Power Generation
,” J. Energy Eng.
, 143
(4
), pp. 1
–7
. 39.
Rokni
, E.
, Panahi
, A.
, Ren
, X.
, and Levendis
, Y. A. J. F.
, 2016
, “Curtailing the Generation of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions by Blending and Oxy-Combustion of Coals
,” Fuel
, 181
, pp. 772
–784
. 40.
Rokni
, E.
, Hsein Chi
, H.
, and Levendis
, Y. A.
, 2017
, “In-Furnace Sulfur Capture by Cofiring Coal With Alkali-Based Sorbents
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 139
(4
), p. 042204
. 41.
Rokni
, E.
, Panahi
, A.
, Ren
, X.
, and Levendis
, Y. A.
, 2016
, “Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by Burning Coal Blends
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 138
(3
), p. 032204
. 42.
Li
, Y.
, Li
, L.
, Liu
, Y.
, Ren
, X.
, and Levendis
, Y. A.
, 2021
, “Sulfur and Nitrogen Release From Co-Pyrolysis of Coal and Biomass Under Oxidative and Non-Oxidative Conditions
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 143
(6
), p. 061304
. 43.
San Miguel
, G.
, Fowler
, G. D.
, and Sollars
, C. J.
, 2003
, “A Study of the Characteristics of Activated Carbons Produced by Steam and Carbon Dioxide Activation of Waste Tyre Rubber
,” Carbon
, 41
(5
), pp. 1009
–1016
. 44.
Karagozoglu
, B.
, Tasdemir
, M.
, Demirbas
, E.
, and Kobya
, M.
, 2007
, “The Adsorption of Basic Dye (Astrazon Blue FGRL) From Aqueous Solutions Onto Sepiolite, Fly Ash and Apricot Shell Activated Carbon: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
, 147
(1–2
), pp. 297
–306
. 45.
Bouchelta
, C.
, Medjram
, M. S.
, Bertrand
, O.
, and Bellat
, J.-P.
, 2008
, “Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon From Date Stones by Physical Activation With Steam
,” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis
, 82
(1
), pp. 70
–77
. 46.
Mueangta
, S.
, Kuchonthara
, P.
, and Krerkkaiwan
, S.
, 2019
, “Catalytic Steam Reforming of Biomass-Derived Tar Over the Coal/Biomass Blended Char: Effect of Devolatilization Temperature and Biomass Type
,” Energy Fuels
, 33
(4
), pp. 3290
–3298
. 47.
Fan
, L.
, Wang
, X.
, Wan
, W.
, Liu
, Q.
, Cai
, J.
, and Wan
, Y.
, 2019
, “Rice Straw/Sewage Sludge-Based Composite Activated Carbon: Its Some Basic Properties and Adsorption Effect for Cr (VI)
,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.
, 484
(1
), pp. 1
–8
. 48.
Tay
, J. H.
, Chen
, X. G.
, Jeyaseelan
, S.
, and Graham
, N.
, 2001
, “Optimising the Preparation of Activated Carbon From Digested Sewage Sludge and Coconut Husk
,” Chemosphere
, 44
(1
), pp. 45
–51
. 49.
Wu
, C. Z.
, Song
, M.
, Jin
, B. S.
, Wu
, Y. M.
, and Huang
, Y. J.
, 2013
, “Effect of Biomass Addition on the Surface and Adsorption Characterization of Carbon-Based Adsorbents From Sewage Sludge
,” J. Environ. Sci.
, 25
(2
), pp. 405
–412
. 50.
Guo
, Y.
, and Rockstraw
, D. A.
, 2007
, “Activated Carbons Prepared From Rice Hull by One-Step Phosphoric Acid Activation
,” Microporous Mesoporous Mater.
, 100
(1–3
), pp. 12
–19
. 51.
Aljundi
, I. H.
, and Jarrah
, N.
, 2008
, “A Study of Characteristics of Activated Carbon Produced From Jordanian Olive Cake
,” J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis
, 81
(1
), pp. 33
–36
. 52.
Fan
, L.
, Jiang
, X.
, Jiang
, W.
, Guo
, J.
, and Chen
, J.
, 2014
, Physicochemical Properties and Desulfurization Activities of Metal Oxide/Biomass-Based Activated Carbons Prepared by Blending Method, Adsorption
, Adsorption-Kluwer Academic Publishers
, pp. 747
–756
.53.
Li
, X.
, Li
, W. G.
, Wang
, G. Z.
, Wang
, P.
, and Gong
, X. J.
, 2015
, “Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Sludge With Additive Scrap Iron-Based Activated Carbons
,” Desalin. Water Treat.
, 54
(4–5
), pp. 1194
–1203
. 54.
Yang
, K.
, Peng
, J.
, Xia
, H.
, Zhang
, L.
, Srinivasakannan
, C.
, and Guo
, S.
, 2010
, “Textural Characteristics of Activated Carbon by Single Step CO2 Activation From Coconut Shells
,” J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng.
, 41
(3
), pp. 367
–372
. 55.
Ren
, X.
, Meng
, X.
, Panahi
, A.
, Rokni
, E.
, Sun
, R.
, and Levendis
, Y. A.
, 2018
, “Hydrogen Chloride Release From Combustion of Corn Straw in a Fixed Bed
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 140
(5
), p. 051801
. 56.
Haykiri-Acma
, H.
, and Yaman
, S.
, 2019
, “Effects of Dilute Phosphoric Acid Treatment on Structure and Burning Characteristics of Lignocellulosic Biomass
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 141
(8
), p. 082203
. 57.
Zhang
, N.
, Ning
, X.
, Wang
, G.
, Zhang
, J.
, Guo
, J.
, Li
, Y.
, Liang
, W.
, and Wang
, C.
, 2020
, “Co-Gasification of Hydrochar and Petroleum Coke Blended With Different Ratios
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 142
(5
), p. 052303
. 58.
Kreitzberg
, T.
, Haustein
, H. D.
, Goevert
, B.
, and Kneer
, R.
, 2016
, “Investigation of Gasification Reaction of Pulverized Char Under N2/CO2 Atmosphere in a Small-Scale Fluidized Bed Reactor
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 138
(4
), p. 042207
. 59.
Jovanović
, D. S.
, 1969
, “Physical Adsorption of Gases—I: Isotherms for Monolayer and Multilayer Adsorption
,” Kolloid Zeitschrift Zeitschrift Für Polymere
, 235
(1
), pp. 1203
–1213
. 60.
Xin-hui
, D.
, Srinivasakannan
, C.
, Jin-hui
, P.
, Li-bo
, Z.
, and Zheng-yong
, Z.
, 2011
, “Preparation of Activated Carbon From Jatropha Hull With Microwave Heating: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology
,” Fuel Process. Technol.
, 92
(3
), pp. 394
–400
. 61.
Lyubchik
, S. B.
, Benoit
, R.
, and Béguin
, F.
, 2002
, “Influence of Chemical Modification of Anthracite on the Porosity of the Resulting Activated Carbons
,” Carbon
, 40
(8
), pp. 1287
–1294
. 62.
Cetin
, E.
, Gupta
, R.
, and Moghtaderi
, B.
, 2005
, “Effect of Pyrolysis Pressure and Heating Rate on Radiata Pine Char Structure and Apparent Gasification Reactivity
,” Fuel
, 84
(10
), pp. 1328
–1334
. 63.
Cai
, H.Y.
, Guell
, A.J.
, Chatzakis
, I.N.
, Lim
, J.Y.
, Dugwell
, D.R.
, and Kandiyoti
, R.
, 1996
, “Changes in Coal Char Reactivity and Structure with Pyrolysis Conditions: Effect of Temperature, Heating Rate and Pressure
,” Fuel Energy Abst.
, 37
(4
), pp. 285
–285
. 64.
Li
, Y. H.
, Chang
, F. M.
, Huang
, B.
, Song
, Y. P.
, Zhao
, H. Y.
, and Wang
, K. J.
, 2020
, “Activated Carbon Preparation From Pyrolysis Char of Sewage Sludge and Its Adsorption Performance for Organic Compounds in Sewage
,” Fuel
, 266
, p. 117053
. 65.
Pena
, J.
, Villot
, A.
, and Gerente
, C.
, 2020
, “Pyrolysis Chars and Physically Activated Carbons Prepared From Buckwheat Husks for Catalytic Purification of Syngas
,” Biomass Bioenergy
, 132
, p. 105435
. 66.
Wang
, T.
, Camps-Arbestain
, M.
, and Hedley
, M.
, 2013
, “Predicting C Aromaticity of Biochars Based on Their Elemental Composition
,” Org. Geochem.
, 62
, pp. 1
–6
. 67.
Zhonghua
, H.
, and Srinivasan
, M. P.
, 1999
, “Preparation of High-Surface-Area Activated Carbons From Coconut Shell
,” Microporous Mesoporous Mater.
, 27
(1), pp. 11
–18
. 68.
Saygili
, H.
, and Guzel
, F.
, 2016
, “High Surface Area Mesoporous Activated Carbon From Tomato Processing Solid Waste by Zinc Chloride Activation: Process Optimization, Characterization and Dyes Adsorption
,” J. Cleaner Prod.
, 113
, pp. 995
–1004
. 69.
Ahmed
, M. J.
, and Theydan
, S. K.
, 2012
, “Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Activated Carbon Prepared by Pyrolysis of Chemically Treated Date Stones and Its Ability to Adsorb Organics
,” Powder Technol.
, 229
, pp. 237
–245
. 70.
Rambabu
, N.
, Azargohar
, R.
, Dalai
, A. K.
, and Adjaye
, J.
, 2013
, “Evaluation and Comparison of Enrichment Efficiency of Physical/Chemical Activations and Functionalized Activated Carbons Derived From Fluid Petroleum Coke for Environmental Applications
,” Fuel Process. Technol.
, 106
, pp. 501
–510
. 71.
Keiluweit
, M.
, Nico
, P. S.
, Johnson
, M. G.
, and Kleber
, M.
, 2010
, “Dynamic Molecular Structure of Plant Biomass-Derived Black Carbon (Biochar)
,” Environ. Sci. Technol.
, 44
(4
), pp. 1247
–1253
. 72.
Liou
, T. H.
, and Wu
, S. J.
, 2009
, “Characteristics of Microporous/Mesoporous Carbons Prepared From Rice Husk Under Base- and Acid-Treated Conditions
,” J. Hazard. Mater.
, 171
(1–3
), pp. 693
–703
. 73.
Wu
, Y.
, Li
, W.
, Wu
, Q.
, and Liu
, S.
, 2016
, “Preparation, Properties and Applications of Hydrochar
,” Prog. Chem.
, 28
(1
), pp. 121
–130
. 74.
Foo
, K. Y.
, and Hameed
, B. H.
, 2011
, “Preparation of Activated Carbon From Date Stones by Microwave Induced Chemical Activation: Application for Methylene Blue Adsorption
,” Chem. Eng. J.
, 170
(1
), pp. 338
–341
. Copyright © 2021 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
