Abstract
Being one of the core power units of electric vehicles, the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are broadly concerned. However, in the cases of abuses, LIBs may counter thermal runaway, threatening the personal and property safety of users. In order to avoid the occurrence of thermal runaway, the battery thermal management system (BTMS) has been introduced to improve the safety, optimize the efficiency and prolong the service life of lithium-ion batteries. In this review, feasible thermal management schemes of LIBs system were summarized chronically, different thermal management schemes were evaluated, and case studies were made. The schemes of controlling the internal reaction control in the battery are highlighted as well. This review offers a comprehensive view of BTMS and proposes a promising future for the employment of lithium-ion batteries.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
2.
Love
, C. T.
, Buesser
, C.
, Johannes
, M. D.
, and Swider-Lyons
, K. E.
, 2018
, “Innovating Safe Lithium-Ion Batteries Through Basic to Applied Research
,” ASME J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage
, 15
(1
), p. 011006
. 3.
Yun
, L. J.
, Sandoval
, J.
, Zhang
, L.
, Garg
, G. A.
, and Wang
, C. T.
, 2019
, “Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Formation With Improved Electrochemical Performance for Electric Vehicles: Experimental and Clustering Analysis
,” ASME J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage
, 16
(2
), p. 021011
. 4.
Wang
, H. W.
, Zhang
, Y. J.
, Li
, W. F.
, Gao
, Z. H.
, Zhang
, B. D.
, and Ouyang
, M. G.
, 2022
, “Experimental Study on the Cell-Jet Temperatures of Abused Prismatic Ni-Rich Automotive Batteries Under Medium and High States of Charge
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 202
, p. 117859
. 5.
Masaki
, Y.
, Brodd
, R. J.
, and Kozawa
, A.
, 2015
, Lithium-Ion Batteries: Science and Technologies
, Chemical Industry Press
, Beijing
.6.
Liu
, B. H.
, Jia
, Y. K.
, Yuan
, C. H.
, Wang
, L. B.
, Gao
, X.
, Yin
, S.
, and Xu
, J.
, 2020
, “Safety Issues and Mechanisms of Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Upon Mechanical Abusive Loading: A Review
,” Energy Storage Mater.
, 24
, pp. 85
–112
. 7.
Li
, W. F.
, Rao
, S.
, Xiao
, Y.
, Gao
, Z. H.
, Chen
, Y. P.
, Wang
, H. W.
, and Ouyang
, M. G.
, 2021
, “Fire Boundaries of Lithium-Ion Cell Eruption Gases Caused by Thermal Runaway
,” Iscience
, 24
(5
), p. 102401
. 8.
Li
, W. F.
, Wang
, H. W.
, Zhang
, Y. J.
, and Ouyang
, M. G.
, 2019
, “Flammability Characteristics of the Battery Vent gas: A Case of NCA and LFP Lithium-Ion Batteries During External Heating Abuse
,” J. Energy Storage
, 24
, p. 100775
. 9.
Li
, S.
, Li
, Y.
, Tian
, J.
, Zhao
, Y.
, Yang
, M.
, Luo
, J.
, Cao
, Y.
, and Cheng
, S.
, 2020
, “Current Status and Emerging Trends in the Safety of Li-Ion Battery Energy Storage for Power Grid Applications
,” Energy Storage Sci. Technol.
, 9
(5
), pp. 1505
–1516
. 10.
Zhang
, Y. J.
, Wang
, H. W.
, Li
, W. F.
, Li
, C.
, and Ouyang
, M. G.
, 2020
, “Quantitative Analysis of Eruption Process of Abused Prismatic Ni-Rich Automotive Batteries Based on In-Chamber Pressure
,” J. Energy Storage
, 31
, p. 101617
. 11.
Jia
, Y. K.
, and Xu
, J.
, 2020
, “Modeling of Thermal Propagation Based on Two Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Cells
,” ASME J. Electrochem. Energy Convers. Storage
, 17
(2
), p. 021105
. 12.
Chombo
, P. V.
, and Laoonual
, Y.
, 2020
, “A Review of Safety Strategies of a Li-Ion Battery
,” J. Power Sources
, 478
, p. 228649
. 13.
Rao
, Z.
, and Zhang
, G.
, 2015
, Battery Thermal Management
, Science Press
, Beijing
.14.
Allcock
, H. R.
, 1972
, Phosphorous-Nitrogen Compounds
, Academic Press
, New York and London
.15.
Wang
, Y.
, and Fang
, L.
, 2019
, “Research Progress of Battery Thermal Management on Lithium-Ion Power Batteries
,” Mar. Electr. Electron. Eng.
, 39
(5
), pp. 14
–18
. 16.
Wang
, Y.
, Yu
, Z.
, Ji
, P.
, Wang
, B.
, Cheng
, J.
, and Shen
, J.
, 2021
, “Review of Battery Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles
,” Model. Simul.
, 10
(02
), pp. 236
–246
. 17.
Wu
, J.
, Huang
, Z.
, and Guo
, P.
, 2019
, “Research Progress on Fire Protection Technology of LFP Lithium-Ion Battery Used in Energy Storage Power Station
,” Energy Storage Sci. Technol.
, 8
(3
), pp. 495
–499
.18.
Wang
, B.
, Guo
, X. X.
, Zhang
, W.
, Yang
, B.
, and Zhang
, J.
, 2012
, “Visual Calculation and Analysis System of Automotive Active Safety
,” Appl. Mech. Mater.
, 1686
, pp. 157
–158
. 19.
Energy—Smart Grids; Study Data from University of Strathclyde Update Knowledge of Smart Grids (Fast Frequency Response From Energy Storage Systems—A Review of Grid Standards, Projects and Technical Issues). Energy Weekly News
, 2020
: p. 1566
–1581
.20.
General Administration of Quality Supervision
, 2017
, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China and China National Standardization Administration, Technical Specification for Lithium Ion Battery Management System for Electrochemical Energy Storage Power Station
.21.
Lu
, J. H.
, Liang
, P.
, Chen
, B. H.
, Wu
, C. P.
, and Zhou
, T. N.
, 2020
, “Investigation of the Fire-Extinguishing Performance of Water Mist With Various Additives on Typical Pool Fires
,” Combust. Sci. Technol.
, 192
(4
), pp. 592
–609
. 22.
Galaj
, J.
, Drzymala
, T.
, and Wolny
, P.
, 2019
, “Analysis of the Impact of Selected Parameters of the Hybrid Extinguishing System on the Fire Environment in a Closed Room
,” Sustainability
, 11
(23
), p. 6867
. 23.
Landini
, S.
, Leworthy
, J.
, and O'Donovan
, T. S.
, 2019
, “A Review of Phase Change Materials for the Thermal Management and Isothermalisation of Lithium-Ion Cells
,” J. Energy Storage
, 25
(C
), p. 100887
. 24.
Chen
, J.
, and Zhang
, J.
, 2011
, Automobile Construction
, China Machine Press
, Beijing
.25.
Li
, J.
, Xu
, X.
, and Liu
, Y.
, 2019
, “Review of High Efficiency Automotive Engine Cooling System
,” Sci. Technol. Eng.
, 19
(26
), pp. 1
–10
.26.
Yang
, S.
, and Tao
, W.
, 2019
, Heat Transfer
, Higher Education Press
, Beijing
.27.
Fan
, Y. Q.
, Bao
, Y.
, Ling
, C.
, Chue
, Y. Y.
, Tan
, X. J.
, and Yang
, S. T.
, 2019
, “Experimental Study on the Thermal Management Performance of Air Cooling for High Energy Density Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 155
, pp. 96
–109
. 28.
Kim
, J.
, Oh
, J.
, and Lee
, H.
, 2018
, “Review on Battery Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicles
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 149
, pp. 192
–212
. 29.
Wu
, W. X.
, Wang
, S. F.
, Wu
, W.
, Chen
, K.
, Hong
, S. H.
, and Lai
, Y. X.
, 2019
, “A Critical Review of Battery Thermal Performance and Liquid Based Battery Thermal Management
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 182
, pp. 262
–281
. 30.
Nanotechnology—Phase Change Materials; Researchers from Ningbo University Describe Findings in Phase Change Materials [Preparation of a Novel Composite Phase Change Material (Pcm) and Its Locally Enhanced Heat Transfer for Power Battery Module]
. Nanotechnology Weekly
, 2019
: p. 1196
–1202
.31.
Wang
, C.
, Zhang
, G.
, Li
, X.
, Huang
, J.
, Wang
, Z.
, Lv
, Y.
, Meng
, L.
, Situ
, W.
, and Rao
, M.
, 2018
, “Experimental Examination of Large Capacity LiFePO4 Battery Pack at High Temperature and Rapid Discharge Using Novel Liquid Cooling Strategy
,” Int. J. Energy Res.
, 42
(3
), pp. 1172
–1182
. 32.
Chung
, Y.
, and Kim
, M. S.
, 2019
, “Thermal Analysis and Pack Level Design of Battery Thermal Management System With Liquid Cooling for Electric Vehicles
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 196
, pp. 105
–116
. 33.
Verma
, A.
, Shashidhara
, S.
, and Rakshit
, D.
, 2019
, “A Comparative Study on Battery Thermal Management Using Phase Change Material (PCM)
,” Ther. Sci. Eng. Prog.
, 11
, pp. 74
–83
. 34.
Huang
, J.
, Chen
, Q.
, Cao
, M.
, Zhang
, Y.
, and Liu
, Z.
, 2021
, “Thermal Management Simulation Analysis of Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Coupled With Phase Change Material and Water-Jacketed Liquid-Cooled Structures
,” J. Energy Storage
, 10
(4
), pp. 1423
–1431
. 35.
Baetens
, R.
, Jelle
, B. P.
, and Gustavsen
, A.
, 2010
, “Phase Change Materials for Building Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review
,” Energy Build.
, 42
(9
), pp. 1361
–1368
. 36.
Wang
, T.
, Tseng
, K. J.
, and Zhao
, J. Y.
, 2015
, “Development of Efficient Air-Cooling Strategies for Lithium-Ion Battery Module Based on Empirical Heat Source Model
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 90
, pp. 521
–529
. 37.
Nanotechnology—Phase Change Materials; Study Data From Shahrood University of Technology Update Understanding of Phase Change Materials (Battery Thermal Management System Employing Phase Change Material With Cell-to-Cell Air Cooling)
. Nanotechnology Weekly
, 2019
: p. 114199
.38.
Mallick
, S. S.
, Neog
, S.
, Mahanta
, D. K.
, and Rafi
, M.
, 2021
, “A Review on Passive Cooling Techniques for Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System of Electric Vehicle
,” IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.
, 1145
(1
), p. 012046
. 39.
Wang
, Y.
, Zou
, D.
, He
, R.
, and Ma
, Q.
, 2021
, “Thermal Simulation Research on Battery Pack Cooled by PCM and Liquid
,” Chin. J. Power Sources
, 45
(10
), pp. 1292
–1297
. 40.
Zhang
, W.
, Qiu
, J.
, Yin
, X.
, and Wang
, D.
, 2020
, “A Novel Heat Pipe Assisted Separation Type Battery Thermal Management System Based on Phase Change Material
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 165
(C
), p. 114571
. 41.
Liu
, B.
, Hu
, Z.
, and Li
, K.
, 2021
, “Experimental and Simulation on Battery Thermal Management Based on a Large Flat Heat Pipe
,” J. Energy Storage
, 10
(4
), pp. 1364
–1373
. 42.
Liu
, Y.
, Xia
, X.
, and Wu
, Q.
, 2021
, “Numerical Simulation Study of Heat Pipe Used in Heat Dissipation Performance of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack
,” Agric. Equip. Veh. Eng.
, 59
(11
), pp. 68
–73
. 43.
Smith
, J.
, Singh
, R.
, Hinterberger
, M.
, and Mochizuki
, M.
, 2018
, “Battery Thermal Management System for Electric Vehicle Using Heat Pipes
,” Int. J. Therm. Sci.
, 134
, pp. 517
–529
. 44.
Jiang
, M.
, 2018
, Investigation of the Power Battery Pack Preheating System with Active Balancing System
, Shandong Unviersity
, Jinan, China
.45.
Wu
, S. J.
, Xiong
, R.
, Li
, H. L.
, Nian
, V.
, and Ma
, S. X.
, 2020
, “The State of the Art on Preheating Lithium-Ion Batteries in Cold Weather
,” J. Energy Storage
, 27
, p. 101059
. 46.
Lee
, D. Y.
, Cho
, C. W.
, Won
, J. P.
, Park
, Y. C.
, and Lee
, M. Y.
, 2013
, “Performance Characteristics of Mobile Heat Pump for a Large Passenger Electric Vehicle
,” Appl. Therm. Eng.
, 50
(1
), pp. 660
–669
. 47.
Karimi
, G.
, and Li
, X.
, 2013
, “Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles
,” Int. J. Energy Res.
, 37
(1
), pp. 13
–24
. 48.
He
, F. Q.
, Li
, X. X.
, Zhang
, G. Q.
, Zhong
, G. J.
, and He
, J. S.
, 2018
, “Experimental Investigation of Thermal Management System for Lithium Ion Batteries Module With Coupling Effect by Heat Sheets and Phase Change Materials
,” Int. J. Energy Res.
, 42
(10
), pp. 3279
–3288
. 49.
Ren
, D. S.
, Feng
, X. N.
, Liu
, L. S.
, Hsu
, H. J.
, Lu
, L. G.
, Wang
, L.
, He
, X. M.
, and Ouyang
, M. G.
, 2021
, “Investigating the Relationship Between Internal Short Circuit and Thermal Runaway of Lithium-Ion Batteries Under Thermal Abuse Condition
,” Energy Storage Mater.
, 34
, pp. 563
–573
. 50.
Wang
, J. H.
, Yamada
, Y.
, Sodeyama
, K.
, Watanabe
, E.
, Takada
, K.
, Tateyama
, Y.
, and Yamada
, A.
, 2018
, “Fire-Extinguishing Organic Electrolytes for Safe Batteries
,” Nat. Energy
, 3
(1
), pp. 22
–29
. 51.
Chen
, W.
, Lei
, T.
, Wu
, C.
, Deng
, M.
, Gong
, C.
, Hu
, K.
, Ma
, Y.
, et al, 2018
, “Designing Safe Electrolyte Systems for a High-Stability Lithium-Sulfur Battery
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 8
(10
), p. 1702348
. 52.
Zhang
, L.
, Huang
, Y.
, Fan
, H.
, and Wang
, H.
, 2019
, “Flame-Retardant Electrolyte Solution for Dual-Ion Batteries
,” ACS Appl. Energy Mater.
, 2
(2
), pp. 1363
–1370
. 53.
Li
, X.
, Lu
, X.
, Jiang
, Y.
, Cao
, C.
, Mei
, Y.
, and Lian
, P.
, 2021
, “Research Progress of Phosphorus Flame Retardant Battery Materials
,” Phosphate Compd. Fert.
, 36
(10
), pp. 38
–42
.54.
Li
, Y.
, 2021
, Study on the Performance of High-Safety Lithium Metal Batteries Based on Phosphazene Flame-Retardant Electrolytes
, Shandong University
, Jinan, China
.55.
Baginska
, M.
, Sottos
, N. R.
, and White
, S. R.
, 2018
, “Core-Shell Microcapsules Containing Flame Retardant Tris(2-Chloroethyl Phosphate) for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications
,” Acs Omega
, 3
(2
), pp. 1609
–1613
. 56.
Yim
, T.
, Park
, M. S.
, Woo
, S. G.
, Kwon
, H. K.
, Yoo
, J. K.
, Jung
, Y. S.
, Kim
, K. J.
, Yu
, J. S.
, and Kim
, Y. J.
, 2015
, “Self-extinguishing Lithium Ion Batteries Based on Internally Embedded Fire-Extinguishing Microcapsules With Temperature-Responsiveness
,” Nano Lett.
, 15
(8
), pp. 5059
–5067
. 57.
Chen
, J.
, Naveed
, A.
, Nuli
, Y.
, Yang
, J.
, and Wang
, J.
, 2020
, “Designing an Intrinsically Safe Organic Electrolyte for Rechargeable Batteries
,” Energy Storage Mater.
, 31
, pp. 382
–400
. 58.
Zhang
, L.
, Wang
, Y.
, Wu
, Z. J.
, and Wang
, H. Y.
, 2020
, “Anion Intercalation Into a Graphite Electrode From Trimethyl Phosphate
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 12
(42
) pp. 47647
–47654
. 59.
Deng
, K.
, Zeng
, Q.
, Wang
, D.
, Liu
, Z.
, Wang
, G.
, Qiu
, Z.
, Zhang
, Y.
, Xiao
, M.
, and Meng
, Y.
, 2020
, “Nonflammable Organic Electrolytes for High-Safety Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Energy Storage Mater.
, 32
, pp. 425
–447
. 60.
Hastie
, J. W.
, 2001
, “Molecular Basis of Flame Inhibition
,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.
, 106
(4
), pp. 731
–752
. 61.
Takada
, K.
, Yamada
, Y.
, and Yamada
, A.
, 2019
, “Optimized Nonflammable Concentrated Electrolytes by Introducing a Low-Dielectric Diluent
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 11
(39
), pp. 35770
–35776
. 62.
Shi
, Y.
, Gui
, Z.
, Yuan
, B.
, Hu
, Y.
, and Zheng
, Y.
, 2018
, “Flammability of Polystyrene/Aluminium Phosphinate Composites Containing Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate
,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.
, 131
(2
), pp. 1067
–1077
. 63.
Dagger
, T.
, Niehoff
, P.
, Luerenbaum
, C.
, Schappacher
, F. M.
, and Winter
, M. W.
, 2018
, “Comparative Performance Evaluation of Flame Retardant Additives for Lithium Ion Batteries—II. Full Cell Cycling and Postmortem Analyses
,” Energy Technol.
, 6
(10
), pp. 2023
–2035
. 64.
Bui
, A. D.
, Choi
, S. H.
, Choi
, H.
, Lee
, Y. J.
, Doh
, C. H.
, Park
, J. W.
, Kim
, B. G.
, Lee
, W. J.
, Lee
, S. M.
, and Ha
, Y. C.
, 2021
, “Origin of the Outstanding Performance of Dual Halide Doped Li7P2S8X (X = I, Br) Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries
,” ACS Appl. Energy Mater.
, 4
(1
), pp. 1
–8
. 65.
Li
, X.
, Feng
, Y.
, Chen
, C.
, Ye
, Y.
, Zeng
, H.
, Qu
, H.
, Liu
, J.
, Zhou
, X.
, Long
, S.
, and Xie
, X.
, 2018
, “Highly Thermally Conductive Flame Retardant Epoxy Nanocomposites With Multifunctional Ionic Liquid Flame Retardant-Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanosheets
,” J. Mater. Chem. A
, 6
(41
), pp. 20500
–20512
. 66.
Sinha
, N. N.
, Burns
, J. C.
, and Dahn
, J. R.
, 2014
, “Comparative Study of Tris(Trimethylsilyl) Phosphate and Tris(Trimethylsilyl) Phosphite as Electrolyte Additives for Li-Ion Cells
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 161
(6
), pp. A1084
–A1089
. 67.
Ping
, P.
, Wang
, Q. S.
, Sun
, J. H.
, Xia
, X.
, and Dahn
, J. R.
, 2012
, “Studies of the Effect of Triphenyl Phosphate on Positive Electrode Symmetric Li-Ion Cells
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 159
(9
), pp. A1467
–A1473
. 68.
Xu
, M.
, Hao
, L.
, Liu
, Y.
, Li
, W.
, Xing
, L.
, and Li
, B.
, 2011
, “Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as Electrolyte Stabilizing Additive for Lithium Ion Batteries
,” J. Phys. Chem. C
, 115
(13
), pp. 6085
–6094
. 69.
Isken
, P.
, Dippel
, C.
, Schmitz
, R.
, Schmitz
, R. W.
, Kunze
, M.
, Passerini
, S.
, Winter
, M.
, and Lex-Balducci
, A.
, 2011
, “High Flash Point Electrolyte for Use in Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Electrochim. Acta
, 56
(22
), pp. 7530
–7535
. 70.
Fonseca
, V. M.
, Fernandes
, V. J.
, Araujo
, A. S.
, Carvalho
, L. H.
, and Souza
, A. G.
, 2005
, “Effect of Halogenated Flame-Retardant Additives in the Pyrolysis and Thermal Degradation of Polyester/Sisal Composites
,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.
, 79
(2
), pp. 429
–433
. 71.
Tsujikawa
, T.
, Yabuta
, K.
, Matsushita
, T.
, Matsushita
, T.
, Hayashi
, K.
, and Arakawa
, M.
, 2009
, “Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Battery With Non-flammable Electrolyte
,” J. Power Sources
, 189
(1
), pp. 429
–434
. 72.
Xia
, L.
, Xia
, Y.
, and Liu
, Z.
, 2015
, “A Novel Fluorocyclophosphazene as Bifunctional Additive for Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” J. Power Sources
, 278
, pp. 190
–196
. 73.
Xu
, G.
, Pang
, C.
, Chen
, B.
, Ma
, J.
, Wang
, X.
, Chai
, J.
, Wang
, Q.
, et al, 2018
, “Prescribing Functional Additives for Treating the Poor Performances of High-Voltage (5 V-Class) LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/MCMB Li-Ion Batteries
,” Adv. Energy Mater.
, 8
(9
), p. 1701398
. 74.
Fei
, S. T.
, and Allcock
, H. R.
, 2010
, “Methoxyethoxyethoxyphosphazenes as Ionic Conductive Fire Retardant Additives for Lithium Battery Systems
,” J. Power Sources
, 195
(7
), pp. 2082
–2088
. 75.
Xu
, K.
, Ding
, M. S.
, Zhang
, S.
, Allen
, J. L.
, and Jow
, T. R.
, 2002
, “An Attempt to Formulate Nonflammable Lithium Ion Electrolytes With Alkyl Phosphates and Phosphazenes
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 149
(5
), pp. A622
–A626
. 76.
Zhang
, S. S.
, Xu
, K.
, and Jow
, T. R.
, 2003
, “Tris(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl) Phosphite as a Co-solvent for Nonflammable Electrolytes in Li-Ion Batteries
,” J. Power Sources
, 113
(1
), pp. 166
–172
. 77.
Gao
, Z. H.
, Rao
, S.
, Zhang
, T. Y.
, Gao
, F.
, Xiao
, Y.
, Shali
, L. F.
, Wang
, X. X.
, et al, 2021, “Bioinspired Thermal Runaway Retardant Rapsules for Improved Safety and Electrochemical Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Adv. Sci.
, 9
(5
), p. 2103796
. 78.
Liu
, K.
, Liu
, W.
, Qiu
, Y.
, Kong
, B.
, Sun
, Y.
, Chen
, Z.
, Zhuo
, D.
, Lin
, D.
, and Cui
, Y.
, 2017
, “Electrospun Core-Shell Microfiber Separator With Thermal-Triggered Flame-Retardant Properties for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Sci. Adv.
, 3
(1
), p. e1601978
. 79.
Ye
, Y.
, Chou
, L.Y.
, Liu
, Y.
, Wang
, H.
, Lee
, H.K.
, Huang
, W.
, Wan
, J.
, Liu
, K.
, Zhou
, G.
, Yang
, Y.
and Yang
, A.
, 2020
, “Ultralight and Fire-Extinguishing Current Collectors for High-Energy and High-Safety Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Nat. Energy
, 5
(10
), pp. 786
–793
. 80.
Huang
, P. H.
, Chang
, S. J.
, and Li
, C. C.
, 2017
, “Encapsulation of Flame Retardants for Application in Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” J. Power Sources
, 338
, pp. 82
–90
. Copyright © 2022 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
